Developing a web application that uses server-sent events is straightforward. You'll need a bit of code on the server to stream events to the front-end, but the client side code works almost identically to websockets in part of handling incoming events. This is a one-way connection, so you can't send events from a client to a server.
The server-sent event API is contained in the EventSource interface.
To open a connection to the server to begin receiving events from it, create a new EventSource object with the URL of a script that generates the events. For example:
const evtSource = new EventSource("ssedemo.php");
If the event generator script is hosted on a different origin, a new EventSource object should be created with both the URL and an options dictionary. For example, assuming the client script is on example.com :
const evtSource = new EventSource("//api.example.com/ssedemo.php", withCredentials: true, >);
Messages sent from the server that don't have an event field are received as message events. To receive message events, attach a handler for the message event:
.onmessage = (event) => const newElement = document.createElement("li"); const eventList = document.getElementById("list"); newElement.textContent = `message: $event.data>`; eventList.appendChild(newElement); >;
This code listens for incoming message events and appends the message text to a list in the document's HTML.
Messages from the server that do have an event field defined are received as events with the name given in event . For example:
.addEventListener("ping", (event) => const newElement = document.createElement("li"); const eventList = document.getElementById("list"); const time = JSON.parse(event.data).time; newElement.textContent = `ping at $time>`; eventList.appendChild(newElement); >);
This code will be called whenever the server sends a message with the event field set to ping ; it then parses the JSON in the data field and outputs that information.
Warning: When not used over HTTP/2, SSE suffers from a limitation to the maximum number of open connections, which can be especially painful when opening multiple tabs, as the limit is per browser and is set to a very low number (6). The issue has been marked as "Won't fix" in Chrome and Firefox. This limit is per browser + domain, which means that you can open 6 SSE connections across all of the tabs to www.example1.com and another 6 SSE connections to www.example2.com (per Stackoverflow). When using HTTP/2, the maximum number of simultaneous HTTP streams is negotiated between the server and the client (defaults to 100).
The server-side script that sends events needs to respond using the MIME type text/event-stream . Each notification is sent as a block of text terminated by a pair of newlines. For details on the format of the event stream, see Event stream format.
The PHP code for the example we're using here follows:
date_default_timezone_set("America/New_York"); header("X-Accel-Buffering: no"); header("Content-Type: text/event-stream"); header("Cache-Control: no-cache"); $counter = rand(1, 10); while (true) // Every second, send a "ping" event. echo "event: ping\n"; $curDate = date(DATE_ISO8601); echo 'data: . $curDate . '">'; echo "\n\n"; // Send a simple message at random intervals. $counter--; if (!$counter) echo 'data: This is a message at time ' . $curDate . "\n\n"; $counter = rand(1, 10); > if (ob_get_contents()) ob_end_flush(); > flush(); // Break the loop if the client aborted the connection (closed the page) if (connection_aborted()) break; sleep(1); >
The code above generates an event every second, with the event type "ping". Each event's data is a JSON object containing the ISO 8601 timestamp corresponding to the time at which the event was generated. At random intervals, a simple message (with no event type) is sent. The loop will keep running independent of the connection status, so a check is included to break the loop if the connection has been closed (e.g. client closes the page).
Note: You can find a full example that uses the code shown in this article on GitHub — see Simple SSE demo using PHP.
When problems occur (such as a network timeout or issues pertaining to access control), an error event is generated. You can take action on this programmatically by implementing the onerror callback on the EventSource object:
.onerror = (err) => console.error("EventSource failed:", err); >;
By default, if the connection between the client and server closes, the connection is restarted. The connection is terminated with the .close() method.
.close();
The event stream is a simple stream of text data which must be encoded using UTF-8. Messages in the event stream are separated by a pair of newline characters. A colon as the first character of a line is in essence a comment, and is ignored.
Note: The comment line can be used to prevent connections from timing out; a server can send a comment periodically to keep the connection alive.
Each message consists of one or more lines of text listing the fields for that message. Each field is represented by the field name, followed by a colon, followed by the text data for that field's value.
Each message received has some combination of the following fields, one per line:
A string identifying the type of event described. If this is specified, an event will be dispatched on the browser to the listener for the specified event name; the website source code should use addEventListener() to listen for named events. The onmessage handler is called if no event name is specified for a message.
The data field for the message. When the EventSource receives multiple consecutive lines that begin with data: , it concatenates them, inserting a newline character between each one. Trailing newlines are removed.
The event ID to set the EventSource object's last event ID value.
The reconnection time. If the connection to the server is lost, the browser will wait for the specified time before attempting to reconnect. This must be an integer, specifying the reconnection time in milliseconds. If a non-integer value is specified, the field is ignored.
All other field names are ignored.
Note: If a line doesn't contain a colon, the entire line is treated as the field name with an empty value string.
In the following example, there are three messages sent. The first is just a comment, since it starts with a colon character. As mentioned previously, this can be useful as a keep-alive mechanism if messages might not be sent regularly.
The second message contains a data field with the value "some text". The third message contains a data field with the value "another message\nwith two lines". Note the newline special character in the value.
: this is a test stream data: some text data: another message data: with two lines
This example sends named events. Each has an event name specified by the event field, and a data field whose value is an appropriate JSON string with the data needed for the client to act on the event. The data field could, of course, have any string data; it doesn't have to be JSON.
"username": "bobby", "time": "02:33:48"> event: usermessage data: "username": "bobby", "time": "02:34:11", "text": "Hi everyone."> event: userdisconnect data: "username": "bobby", "time": "02:34:23"> event: usermessage data: "username": "sean", "time": "02:34:36", "text": "Bye, bobby.">
You don't have to use just unnamed messages or typed events; you can mix them together in a single event stream.
"username": "bobby", "time": "02:33:48"> data: Here's a system message of some kind that will get used data: to accomplish some task. event: usermessage data: "username": "bobby", "time": "02:34:11", "text": "Hi everyone.">
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